RESEARCH DESIGN CHAPTER 3

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RESEARCH DESIGN  CHAPTER 3

•CONTENTS OF CHPATER 3

1.MEANING OF RESEARCH DESIGN

2.NEED FOR RESEARCH DESIGN

3.FEATURES OF A GOOD DESIGN

4.IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN

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1.dependent and independent variables:

2.extraneous variable:

3. control

4. confounded relationship:

5. research hypothesis:

6.experimental and non-experimental hypothesis-testing research:

7.experimental and control groups:

8.treatments:

9. experiment:

10. experimental unit(s)

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4. DIFFERENT RESEARCH DESIGNS

1.  Research design in case of exploratory research studies:

2.  Research design in case of descriptive and diagnostic research studies

3.Research design in case of hypothesis-testing research studies

5. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

6. IMPORTANT EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

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MEANING OF RESEARCH DESIGN

•A research design is the organizing of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a method that aims to combine importance to the research purpose analysis with in procedure.

•the research design is the conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it represents the blueprint or plan for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.

•As such the design includes an outline of what the researcher will do from writing the theory and its operational implications to the final analysis of data. More explicitly, the design decisions happen to be in respect of:

•What is the study about?

•Why is the study being made?

•Where will the study be carried out?

•What type of data is required?

•Where can the required data are found?

•What periods of time will the study include?

•What will be the sample design?

•What techniques of data collection will be used?

•How will the data be analyzed?

•In what style will the report be prepared?

•NEED FOR  RESEARCH DESIGN

•The need for research design is as follows:

1.facilitates the smooth sailing of the various research operations

2.It reduces inaccuracy.

3.Helps to get maximum efficiency and reliability.

4.Eliminates bias and marginal errors.

5.Minimizes wastage of time.

6.Helpful for collecting research materials.

7.Helpful for testing of hypothesis.

8.Gives an idea regarding the type of resources required in terms of money, manpower, a time, and efforts.

9.Provides an overview to other experts.

10.Guides the research in the right direction.

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•FEATURES OF A GOOD DESIGN

•A good design is often characterized by adjectives like flexible, appropriate, efficient, and economical and so on.

•Generally, the design which minimizes bias and maximizes the reliability of the data Collected and analyzed is considered a good design.

•A research design appropriate for a particular research problem, usually involves the consideration of the following factors:

1.The means of obtaining information.

2.The availability and skills of the researcher.

3.The objective of the problem to be studied.

4.The nature of the problem to be studied.

5.The availability of time and money for the research work.

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•IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN:

1.Dependent and independent variables

2.Extraneous  variable( unconnected variable)

3.Control

4.Confounded relationship

5.Research hypothesis

6.Experimental and non-experimental hypothesis-testing research

7.Experimental and control groups

8.Treatments

9.Experiment

10.Experimental unit(s)

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•IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN

1. DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: A concept which can take on different quantitative values is called a variable As such the concepts like weight, height, income are all examples of variables.

2. EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE: Independent variables that are not related to the purpose of the study, but may affect the dependent variable are termed as extraneous variables. Suppose the researcher wants to test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between children’s gains in social studies achievement and their self-concepts. In this case self-concept is an independent variable and social studies achievement is a dependent variable.

3.   CONTROL: One important characteristic of a good research design is to minimize the influence or effect of extraneous variable(s). The technical term ‘control’ is used when we design the study minimizing the effects of extraneous independent variables.

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4. CONFOUNDED RELATIONSHIP: When the dependent variable is not free from the influence of extraneous variable(s), the relationship between the dependent and independent variables is said to be confounded by an extraneous variable(s).

5. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS: When a prediction or a hypothesized relationship is to be tested by scientific methods, it is termed as research hypothesis.

6. EXPERIMENTAL AND NON-EXPERIMENTAL HYPOTHESIS-TESTING RESEARCH:

•Research in which the independent variable is manipulated(influenced) is termed ‘experimental hypothesis-testing research’ and a research in which an independent variable is not manipulated is called ‘non-experimental hypothesis-testing research.)

7. EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS: In an experimental hypothesis-testing research when a group is showing to usual conditions, it is termed a ‘control group’, but when the group is exposed to some story or special condition, it is termed an ‘experimental group’. In the above illustration, the Group A can be called a control group and the Group B an experimental group. If both groups A and B are exposed to special studies programmes, then both groups would be termed ‘experimental groups.’ It is possible to design studies which include only experimental groups or studies which include both experimental and control groups.

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•8. TREATMENTS: The different conditions under which experimental and control groups are put are usually referred to as ‘treatments’. the two treatments are the usual studies programme and the special studies programme. Similarly, if we want to determine through an experiment the comparative impact of three varieties of fertilizers on the yield of wheat, in that case the three varieties of fertilizers will be treated as three treatments.

9. EXPERIMENT: The process of examining the truth of a statistical hypothesis, relating to some research problem, is known as an experiment. 

10. EXPERIMENTAL UNIT(S): The pre-determined plots or the blocks, where different treatments are used, are known as experimental units. Such experimental units must be selected (defined) very carefully.

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•DIFFERENT RESEARCH DESIGNS

•Different research designs can be easily described into the following and get up each category separately:

1.Research design in case of investigative  or investigative research studies

2. Research design in case of descriptive and diagnostic research studies, and

3. Research design in case of hypothesis-testing research studies.

•1. RESEARCH DESIGN IN CASE OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH STUDIES: examining research studies are also termed as formulate research studies. The main purpose of such studies is that of formulating a problem for more precise investigation or of developing the working hypotheses from an operational point of view.

•Generally, the following three methods in the context of research design for such studies are talked about:

•(a) The survey of concerning literature;

•(b) The experience survey and

•(c) The analysis of ‘insight-motivatin

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•2. RESEARCH DESIGN IN CASE OF DESCRIPTIVE AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH STUDIES:

•Descriptive research studies are those studies which are concerned with describing the characteristics of a particular individual, or of a group, whereas diagnostic research studies determine the frequency with which something occurs or its association with something else. The design in such studies must be rigid and not flexible and must focus attention on the following:

•(a) Formulating the objective of the study (what the study is about and why is it being made?)

•(b) Designing the methods of data collection (what techniques of gathering data will be adopted?)

•(c) Selecting the sample (how much material will be needed?)

•(d) Collecting the data (where can the required data be found and with what time period should the data be related?)

•(e) Processing and analysing the data.

•(f) Reporting the findings.

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•3. RESEARCH DESIGN IN CASE OF HYPOTHESIS-TESTING RESEARCH STUDIES:

•Hypothesis-testing research studies (generally known as experimental studies) are those where the researcher tests the hypotheses of causal or connecting relationships between variables. Such studies require procedures that will not only reduce bias and increase reliability, but will permit drawing inferences about causality. Usually experiments meet this requirement.

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•BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

•three principles of experimental designs:

1.The Principle of Replication or duplication (the experiment should be repeated more than once)

2.The Principle of Randomization; and the

3.Principle of Local Control (the known source of variability,)

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•IMPORTANT EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

•Experimental design is the framework or structure of an experiment and as such there are several experimental designs. We can classify experimental designs into two broad categories.

1.Informal experimental designs and

2.Formal experimental designs.

• Informal experimental designs are those designs that normally use a less sophisticated form of analysis based on differences in magnitudes, or scale or level .

•whereas formal experimental designs offer relatively more control and use precise statistical procedures for analysis. Important experiment designs are as follows:

• INFORMAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS:

I. Before-and-after without control design.

II. After-only with control design.

III. Before-and-after with control design.

 FORMAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS:

I.Completely randomized design (C.R. Design).

II.Randomized block design (R.B. Design).

III. Latin square design (L.S. Design).

IV.Factorial designs.

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•Questions/ assignment

1.Explain the meaning and significance of a Research design.

2.Explain the meaning of the following in context of Research design.

•(a) Extraneous variables – irrelevant or unrelated

•(b) Confounded relationship – astonished

•(c) Research hypothesis

•(d) Experimental and Control groups

•(e) Treatments.

3. Describe some of the important research designs used in experimental hypothesis-testing research study.

4.  “Research design in exploratory studies must be flexible but in descriptive studies, it must minimize bias and maximize reliability.” Discuss.

5. Give your understanding of a good research design. Is single research design suitable in all research studies? If not, why?

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•QUESTIONS/ ASSIGNMENT

6. Explain and illustrate the following research designs:

(a) Two group simple randomized design;

(b) Latin square design;

(c) Random replications design;

(d) Simple factorial design;

(e) Informal experimental designs

7.  Write a short note on ‘Experience Survey’ explaining fully its utility in exploratory research studies.

8. What is research design? Discuss the basis of stratification to be employed in sampling public opinion on inflation.

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