—Modern State guarantees

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—Modern State guarantees citizens the legal equality and freedom 'constitutional;

—Modern State reveal or make public citizens collaborate in the organization and functioning of the State, through the composition of elected legislative bodies.

—The modern State is democratic: which involves the participation in life of the State, by the election of the main constitutional bodies, of all the people (universal suffrage) and not only a part of them.

—The participation of citizens in political life results in two distinct forms, although related:

—Cont

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—a)-the election of individuals who, as representatives of voters, are assigned to perform the State function (election of the members of the Parliament, the Head of State, the judges, councils of local authorities, etc.);

—B)-in direct pursuit (svolgimento diretto) of certain State functions (referendum, popular petitions, popular legislative initiative).

—The legal concepts relating to the participation of the first type are said to (or representative government); indirect democracy

—those relating to the second type are called direct democracy (or directed popular government).

—Among the main institutions of indirect democracy, include:

 

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—Cont.

—election of the legislative chambers, the Head of State in the republics.
In institutions of direct democracy, we have forms of popular participation which are expressed in the vote, and therefore the exercise of electoral functions: these are to be considered: the referendum and popular veto.

—It falls well in the case of direct popular participation in some parliamentary election: for example: in case of conflict between the Government and Parliament, or between another constitutional body and the Parliament, which is following the early dissolution of parliament of the part of the head of Sate, the result of the election of the new rooms is taken as a kind of popular opinion on the nature of the crisis and the origin of the organs in conflict.

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—Citizens and organization of the State.

—The main institutions of direct democracy still adopted in many modern states are as follows:

—a) - the plebiscite: this term is referred to the appeal to all citizens in order to approve or disapprove an interesting event for the State, be it already happened or being implemented. Generally, plebiscites are those for territorial mutations of a State (for example, calling upon inhabitants of a region if approve or not the termination of this one with a foreign State;

—but are still called plebiscites the appeals to the people to approve or not to change the form of government or the merger of the State with other states and so on.

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—Cont.

—The plebiscite is expressed by means of the electoral vote, and usually, voters are citizens who have the ability of election to elect the deputies;

—b)-the referendum: referendum is referred the institution for which the electorate is called upon to approve or disapprove a legislative act (constitutional or ordinary law, regional law, regulation, etc.). or even any act of government of special importance, for example, the institutional form of the State, the admission of a foreign state as a member of a federation.

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—Cont

—As already is seen, there is no clear difference between plebiscite and referendum, although 'the first term is rather reserved for approvals of territorial changes and according to the second approvals of the laws, and in general, acts of government.

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