Types of referendum. —The doctrine distinguishes various types of referendum:

—Types of referendum.

—The doctrine distinguishes various types of referendum:

a)-mandatory referendum: when it must be carried out for the entry into force of a given act of State (for example, a constitutional law);
b)-optional referendum: is carried out only when it is required by a certain number of voters and a certain period of time;
c) national referendum, when all the electorate of the State participates;

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—Cont

—d)-local referendum, when referendum is asked only for voters residents of a region of the State
e)-advisory referendum, when opinion is requested of the electorate, prior to enact the act of the object;
f)-ratifying referendum, when it requires the electorate to approve an act already 'decided by Parliament or Government.

— Participate in the referendum, citizens who have the election ability to elect the deputies.

—In many constitutions the referendum is widely used to make constitutional revisions.

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—Cont

—e) -the popular initiative: This institute is the power given to citizens to submit to the parliament a bill or to ask the parliament or the government the enactment of some peculiar act of collective interest.

—In many constitutions, the people's initiative is limited to the constitutional amendment and in other is also allowed for ordinary legislation.

—Regimes whose popular initiative is admitted, the constitutional body which the request is revolt must take into account; this regimes allow popular initiative citizens having the right to vote;

—f) -the petition: this institute should not be confused with the popular initiative, although it comes close .

—Cont

—The petition is in fact, the request made by a citizen to the legislative chambers or to the Head of State or to the Government, seeking to obtain some measure or something about data events.

—The petition, unlike the popular initiative, does not create any obligation to the organ questioned to answer and to discuss the measure invoked.

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g) -the veto: this institute is of the same kind to an optional referendum: it is manifested in the opposition by a number of citizens, within a given period of time, the entry into force of a law already' passed by Parliament

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—The influence of citizens on the activities' of the government.

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—The term government refers to that complex organ which, in collaboration with the Head of State, acts as the executive (administrative and political);

—In  modern States, the government implements in practice, its administrative and political activities, in the program expressed by the parliamentary majority.

However, it is interesting to research, how the citizens can affect the work of the government through periodic elections.

The situation is different in the two systems currently prevailing: Parliamentary and Presidential.

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—Cont.

—In the parliamentary system there is a close correlation between the electoral body, the Parliament and the Government, because the Government remains in office only as it enjoys the confidence of the majority of parliamentarians in the House: as the government is formed by members of the party or of the majority parties, which have enjoyed the greatest suffrage of the electorate...

— So, in the parliamentary systems, the government is only the expression of the will' of the majority of voters gathered in the electorate and manifested for their preference for a given political agenda in the election by which the parliament is came out.

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—-In The presidential regimes, there is no bond of trust (non esiste un legame di fidcucia o dipendenza) between the government and the parliament because the Head of the State appoints the Ministers in full discretionary': the correlation between electoral body, Parliament and Government is manifested 'equally.

— In fact, the electoral body elects both members and the head of state. And, because 'these personalities' are party men (sono uomoni di partito) and the election takes place after an electoral contest between men and programs, so the majority of MPs elected and the President and the Ministers of which he surrounds, represent the will of the voters and, therefore, also the political program they preferred..

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—In conclusion: even in presidential republics, the majority of voters expressed in the electoral competition, affects the formation of the Government and gives guidelines and administrative policies to be implemented in concrete.

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—The modern State so typically democratic State and the expression, that "sovereignty comes from the people," it is in full realization (trova in esso completa realizzazione)

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