The Penal Code (Xeerka Ciqaabta Soomaaliyeed)

The Penal Code (Xeerka Ciqaabta Soomaaliyeed)

Soo saaristii iyo Taariikhda

• Xeerka Ciqaabta Soomaaliyeed wuxuu dhaqan galay 16 Juun 1963.

• Wuxuu ka koobnaa asalkiisu 565 qodob.

Qaab-dhismeedka Xeerka

Xeerka Ciqaabtu wuxuu ka kooban yahay saddex buug:

1. Buugga Koowaad – “Dambiyada Guud ahaan”: Waa qaybta guud (general part), oo dejisa mabaadi’da guud: mabda’a sharciyadda, qodobada xadaynaya dambiga, iyo ciqaabta.

2. Buugga Labaad – “Dambiyada Gaar ah”: Qaybta gaarka ah (special part) ee qeexaysa dambiyada waaweyn (sida dil, dhac, kufsi, iwm.).

3. Buugga Saddexaad – “Dambiyada Gaar ah (Contraventions)”: Dambiyada yaryar iyo xadgudubyada fudud.

Waxaa xusid mudan in xeerarka ciqaabta aysan ku ekaan X.C.S. oo keliya, balse sidoo kale lagu helo sharciyo gaar ah (special laws).

⸻

Features of Criminal Law (Astaamaha Sharciga Ciqaabta)

Sharciga ciqaabtu waxa uu leeyahay astaamo u gaar ah:

1. Ciqaab – waa astaanta ugu weyn, waayo sharciyada ciqaabta waxay la socdaan ciqaab cad (xabsi, ganaax, iwm.).

2. Ciqaabaha ku jira Xeerka Ciqaabta (qodobada 90–92 X.C.S.):

• Crimes (Dambi culus):

• Xabsi daa’in (Life sentence)

• Xabsi (Imprisonment)

• Ganaax (Fine)

• Contraventions (Xadgudubyo):

• Xabsi ka yar saddex sano (Arrest)

• Ganaax

⸻

Constitutional Principles of Criminal Law (Mabaadi’da Dastuuriga ah ee Sharciga Ciqaabta)

1. Mabda’a Sharciyadda (Legality) – Qodobka 35, faqraddiisa 13aad: “Qofna lama ciqaabi karo mooyee sharci horey u jirtay oo mamnuucay falkaas.”

2. Mabda’a Mas’uuliyadda Shaqsiga (Personal Responsibility) – Qodobka 35, faqraddiisa 12aad: Mas’uuliyadda ciqaabeed waa mid shaqsiyeed; qof kale laguma beddeli karo.

3. Mabda’a Bani’aadantinimada (Human Dignity) – Ciqaabtu ma noqon karto mid dhaawacda sharafta iyo karaamada aadanaha.

4. Mabda’a Hagaajinta Dambiilaha (Rehabilitation) – Ciqaabta waa in ay leedahay ujeeddo dib-u-habeyn iyo edbin.

5. Mabda’a Xorriyadda Shakhsiyeed (Personal Liberty) – Qodobka 13 Dastuurka: Xorriyadda qofka waa lama taabtaan, cidna looma xabisi karo ama looma baarikaro mooyee amar maxkamadeed.

⸻

The Principle of Legality (Mabda’a Sharciyadda)

Mabda’aan waa tiirka ugu weyn ee sharciga ciqaabta. Waxaa lagu qeexay:

• Qodobka 1aad X.C.S.: “Dembiyada iyo ciqaabaha waa in si cad loogu qeexaa sharci.”

• Qodobka 2aad X.C.S.: Ciqaab looma dabaqi karo fal dhacay ka hor intii uusan sharci dhaqan gelin.

Qeybaha Mabda’a Sharciyadda

1. Legal reserve (Strict legality): Ciqaab keliya waxaa ka dhalan kara sharci ay soo saartay baarlamaanka.

2. Certainty and mandatory nature: Sharciga ciqaabta waa in si cad, qeexan oo sax ah loo qoro; waa reeban “qiyaas sharciyeed” (analogy).

3. Non-retroactivity: Sharciga ciqaabtu dib uma dhaqangeli karo (lama dabaqi karo fal hore), marka laga reebo haddii sharciga cusub uu dambiilaha u roon yahay (lex mitior).

⸻

Gunaanad

Sharciga ciqaabtu waa tiir ka mid ah nidaamka sharciga guud, kaas oo difaaca danaha guud iyo kan bulsho, isagoo qeexaya dambiyada iyo ciqaabaha ku xiran.

Xeerka Ciqaabta Soomaaliyeed (1963) ayaa ah saldhigga nidaamkan, wuxuuna ku dhisan yahay mabaadi’ dastuuriga ah ee sharciyadda, mas’uuliyadda shaqsiga, iyo ilaalinta xuquuqda aadanaha.

⸻

✍️ Qore: Avv. Abdirizak Haji Omar (Ifiye)

📚 Somali Lawyer | Legal Scholar | Advocate of Justice