Hordhac Sharciga Dastuuriga ah (Introduction to Constitutional Law)

Hordhac Sharciga Dastuuriga ah (Introduction to Constitutional Law)

Hordhac

Ka hor inta aynaan qeexin ereyga dastuur, waxaa muhiim ah inaan marka hore sharaxno waxa loola jeedo sharciga (law), nidaamka sharci (legal system) iyo ilaha sharciga (sources of law).

Marka aad bilowdo barashada sharciga, waxaa muhiim ah inaad fahanto waxa uu yahay sharcigu (law) iyo sida uu ugu xiran yahay nidaamka sharci (legal system).

Sharcigu waa xeer guud oo bulshada hagaya (set of rules that guide society). Waa qaanuun khasab ah in la adeeco, cid kasta oo jebisana waxa lagu ciqaabaa ganaaxyo iyo xukuno ciqaabeed.

Nidaamka sharci (legal system) dhanka kale waa urur iyo nidaam bulsho iyo dawli ah oo abuuraya kuna hagaya kala dambeynta bulshada iyadoo la adeegsanayo sharciyo. Waa hay’adda abaabusha xeerarka iyo nidaamyada lagu dhiirrigeliyo dhaqanka wanaagsan laguna reebo dhaqanka taban.

Nidaamka sharci wuxuu kaloo ka koobanyahay hay’adaha sharci dejinta (legislatures) oo dejinaya sharciyada iyo maxkamadaha (courts/tribunals) oo dib u eegis iyo go’aan ka gaara khilaafaadka sharciyeed.

Nidaamyada Sharci ee Kala Duwan

Nidaamyada sharci adduunka kama mid aha, waxayna ku kala duwan yihiin waddan ilaa waddan:

• Nidaamka Soomaaliya wuxuu xididdo ku leeyahay sharciga Talyaaniga (Italian Law) iyo Sharciga Islaamka (Shari’a Law) maadaama Soomaaliya hore ugu jirtay gumeystihii Talyaaniga.
• Nidaamka Mareykanka (United States) wuxuu ku aasaasnaa Common Law oo ka soo jeeda Ingiriiska, maadaama uu ahaa gumeystihii Boqortooyada Britain.

Common Law

Common Law waa nidaam sharci oo ku dhisan cadaalad (fairness), caado (custom), iyo caqli guud (common sense). Taariikh ahaan, garsoorayaal Boqorka Ingiriiska ayaa dalka ku wareegi jiray iyagoo adeegsanaya xeerkan si ay u xaliyaan khilaafaadka.

Go’aannadooda waxa lagu dhisi jiray mabda’a stare decisis oo micnihiisu yahay in maxkamaduhu go’aan ka gaaraan dacwado cusub iyadoo lagu saleynayo dacwado hore oo la xaliyey (precedent).

Dalal kale oo isticmaala nidaamka common law waxaa ka mid ah: UK (England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland), Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Malaysia, iyo qaybaha badan ee India.

Equity

Astaanta gaarka ah ee common law waa equity (cadaalad gaar ah). Equity waxaa adeegsada garsoorayaasha marka sharciyadu aysan siin xal ku filan khilaafka jira. Xalkaasi wuxuu noqon karaa:

• Injunction (amar maxkamadeed oo ka hor istaaga qof inuu ficil sameeyo ama ku khasba inuu ficil sameeyo si cadaalad loo gaaro).
• Specific performance (amar maxkamadeed oo ku qasba dhinac inuu fuliyo heshiiska, sida heshiis ku saabsan wareejinta hanti ma-guurto ah).

Civil Law

Dalka qaarkood waxay raacaan nidaamka Civil Law oo ku dhisan code ama statutes (xeer qoran). Maxkamaduhu ma fasiiraan sharciga, balse si toos ah ayay u adeegsadaan qodobada sharciyaysan.

Religious Law

Dalal kale waxaa nidaam sharci u ah sharciga diinta (religious law), gaar ahaan sharciga Islaamka (Shari’a Law) sida Boqortooyada Sacuudiga. Sharcigani wuxuu saamayn ku leeyahay nolosha gaarka ah iyo tan guudba.