•The Police State constution

•The Police State

• The State Police  Evolution of the absolute state in the eighteenth and nineteenth century , thanks to enlightened or open-minded rulers ( especially in Austria and Prussia ) , the State Police , so called because it serves as a main purpose to achieve the welfare of its subjects , through a complete management and regulation of social activities .

•Remain the characteristics of the absolute state , but it makes a further and greater professionalization of the bureaucracy , which deals with new tasks , consolidating as the backbone of the state.

•Born in this period the SO-CALLED “ police science” , a sort of science of administration , which may arise at the origin of the modern administrative law . 

•The Liberal State

• During the eighteenth century, for a number of concomitant reasons (including the development of trade and the first signs of the so-called "industrial revolution"), it makes a substantial transformation of the economy leading to the affirmation or declaration of a new social class, the bourgeoisie.

•This new social class decided, through a series of riots (the most notable of which was the French Revolution of 1789), a whole new conception of the State, the cd "Liberal state", which becomes the ruling class, to the point that in doctrine will define this state as "monoclass" (MS Giannini): the liberal state, which can be dated from the late eighteenth early twentieth century, the bourgeoisie It holds all the lever or force of power through the electoral systems of the type of property qualifications (vote those who contribute to public funds and, therefore, by reason of their wealth or wealth), which allow it to monopolize institutions, from the elective chamber of Parliament, which is responsible for the recognition of the "general will." 

•Cont

•Watchwords or slogan of the bourgeois revolution are the new principles of freedom and equality, with the consequent reduction of all privileges/rights.

•It is, however, of freedom and equality only formal, in the sense that behind the statements of principle, there is the will to achieve an effective equality of all, as to affirm the leading role of a single social class, the bourgeoisie. 

•The essential characteristics of the liberal state are all linked to the emergence of the middle class: social mobility still low, where next to the class landowner and military, remnant of the noble class, which continues to be in the monarchy their main reference,

•Cont

•alongside the commercial and industrial bourgeoisie, which in the light the affirmation of the principles of individual freedom (especially economic initiative and the property rights) and formal equality and holding the economic power, operates largely on the forces of political power (oligarchic State);

•The representative character of the institutions, which connecting between rulers and ruled is given by the election of representative assemblies.

•If you consider the character of electoral systems, it understands how the representativeness of institutions is put to the benefit of the bourgeoisie; 

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•Cont

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•-the introduction of the principle of separation of powers, for which the legislature puts general abstract rules, the executive gives their implementation and the judiciary to assess compliance to these behaviors of associates, put in place for the needs of the middle class, if one considers that the legislative power is at least shared by the bourgeoisie with the other classes (in the form of government of the constitutional monarchy, typical of this historic phase, the Executive power rests with the king, the legislature is from this shared with Parliament at least in part - the lower house - elective);

•-the subjection of the public authorities to the rule of law, for which the public administration was to operate, not to violate the law and the limits of prior attribution of legislative power (principle of legality).

•Cont

•The government, thus, is not subject to the will of the sovereign (while remaining civil servants employees of the Crown) and made subject to legislative choices, which the bourgeoisie competes in Parliament. 

•Some one adds between the characters of the liberal state also some resizing tasks of the state , which is responsible only to ensure order and security.

•in order to allow market forces to operate freely , State was not supposed to intervene in the economy, thus creating the conditions for the achievement of the general interest .

•However , even if the idea of ​​the minimal state belongs certainly liberal ideology , historians have found a significant reduction of state functions from the previous experience .

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•3.4 The welfare state (or welfare state ) 

•  The industrial revolution resulted in the eighteenth century, the growth of a large urban proletariat around factories that began with claims of a trade- established himself on the political scene before calling universal suffrage ( in Italy universal male suffrage in 1912 ) and consequently , under the c.d. " Mass parties " (primarily the Socialist Party , but also the parties of Christian inspiration , as in the Italian People's Party ) , the recognition of their rights , not just in formal perspective , but from the perspective of an active commitment ,State aims to remove obstacles to economic and social standing in the way to an effective form of substantive equality. 

•Thus was born the "welfare state ," which , as is known , recognized , alongside the rights of the liberal tradition , a number of new rights to social benefits :

•Cont

• health, security , culture , consumer protection , sports , leisure ... have become worthy of consideration by the public authorities , so that the social level , the public interest has been increasingly associated with the idea of solidarity .

•Prototype welfare state was the SO-CALLED " Weimar Republic " , was born in Germany after the First World War in 1919 and known as unstable that sort that allowed the rise of fascism .

•But it was also the first laboratory of the welfare state , with a constitution that was cutting edge (avanguardia) and became a reference point for all subsequent constitutional experience post -war . 

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•Cont

•The model of the welfare state has been so widespread in large parts of Western Europe, except in Eastern Europe who came back after the Treaty of Yalta in the Soviet sphere of influence, and it is still in place, although since the late 70s of the twentieth century there is talk of a financial crisis of the welfare state, which would no longer be able to sustain the significant debt accumulated to cope with the ever increasing costs of social demands.

•It is characterized by the emergence, alongside the social rights, the principle of democracy, through which the masses participate in political life alongside the other social classes, to the point that it is customary to talk about as "state democratic and social. “

• Next to the persistence and the substantial widening of a professional bureaucracy, the character tends to :

•1)-representative institutions,  2)-maintaining a trend of separation of powers, 3)-the recognition of the principle of legality and of the

•4)-traditional individual freedoms,  all these elements borrowed from previous experience state.

•Cont

•The essential characteristics of the welfare state are due to nature "multi-class" of the new system, in which the middle class is accompanied by other social classes in a system that tries to reconcile the needs and ensure the rights:

•-the principle of popular sovereignty, which ensures the democratic participation of all citizens in the country ( therefore not only the middle class ) , as well as through the institutions of representative democracy , as the liberal State , including forms of direct democracy , and especially through the mass political parties , which has the task to determine the " national policy " (art . 49 Const. ) ;

•-the extension of the rule of law which now also involves the action of the constitutional organs, starting with Parliament (so-called constitutional legality ) . for this principle , the values ​​shared by society (multi-classes) are set out in rigid constitutions , modified only through a process aggravated , resulting barred or excluded from the sphere of availability of the majority of government and guaranteed by special organs of constitutional justice ( constitutional courts ) ;

•Cont

•-from an economic standpoint:

•1)- there is a surge of the tasks of the state,

•2)-intervenes directly in the economy (so-called " mixed economy " ) ,

•3)- promotes redistribution of wealth ( substantive equality ) ,

•4)-adopts a complex of legislation for the protection of labor and social security;

•5)-ensure all new social rights , viewed as the right to claim the insured through the state , etc ...  

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•Cont

•A further feature of the welfare state , which does not seem to come down from the presence on the political scene of most social classes , but also can be read as a form of reaction to previous experiences , it is full recognition of pluralism , namely the recognition and promotion of social formations that put in an intermediate level between individuals and State ( associations , unions , political parties , religious groups , etc ... ) , that the foundation of the feudal system , had been discriminated against and fought by the bourgeois revolutions.

•If today the welfare state is the one that best describes the typical form of other state in many Western democracies ( especially in Europe ) , the processes of globalization taking place and of supranational integration are affecting considerably on its main features .

•Cont

•Therefore, one can state that today the state has social aspects in the new than previous experience:

•-changing modes of expression of popular sovereignty , with the transformation of mass parties , which - thanks to new means of communication - are becoming parties - person , that is linked to their leader

•- the traditional principle of legality joins with that of efficiency , for which what is counted for in the action of public authorities is to achieve the objectives with the least possible expenditure of resources ( economy) ;